The different atomic models of diverse scientists and the physical and chemical process in matter

Chemistry

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

"Matter structure and properties

Matter: All surrounding us that have mass and takes up space. Light and sound are not matter. All matter is made up of millions of atoms.

1.      Matter states

1.1 Bose-Einstein It was created by scientists in a lab and it can´t be found in nature. Its particles are packed closer together than a solid´s particle and they vibrate less.
1.2 Solids Have a definite shape and takes up certain amount of space. Particles are packed close together vibrating in place. That is why solids are rigid.
1.3 Liquids Have their own volume but it takes the shape of its container. They can be poured from one container to another. The particles are farther apart. They are able to move a little, so liquids change shape and flow.
1.4 Gases Have not a definite shape or volume. It takes up all the space of its container. The particles are far apart. They move rapidly, always getting farther apart until something stops them.
1.5 Plasma It is produced when electrons get out of the orbits when the temperature is so hot. Particles of plasma are far apart and moving faster than gas´ particles. They produce light.

2.      Properties of matter

There are two main properties that all objects have…

2.1 MASS: Is the amount of matter is there in an object. Mass doesn´t change if the shape of the object changes. Is measured in grams.

2.2 VOLUME: Is the amount of space an object takes up. Is measured in milliliters or cm³.

3.     

     Physical properties

Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter…

Some examples are: Odor, appearance, texture, color, shape, size, solubility, melting point, boiling point, etc.

3.1 DENSITY: Is physical property of matter and it measures how closely object´s atoms are.  Is the relationship between mass and volume.

Density= mass/volume (grams/milliliters)

Mass= density × volume

Volume= mass/density

3.2 MELTING AND BOILING POINT: Are physical properties of matter that describes the temperature at which solid, gas or liquid will change state. Melting point is always lower than boiling point. The pressure affects these physical properties.

Example: Water: 100^oC boiling. 0^oC melting.

3.3 TEMPERATURE SCALES

• Fahrenheit: ^oF- 32 x 5/9= ^oC
• Celsius: ^oC x 9/5 + 32= ^oF
• Kelvin scale: Temperature scale beginning at absolute zero (-273.15°C or -459.67°F). there is no more before absolute zero.

4.      Physical changes

A change in state is a physical change, a change in which the substance itself is still the same substance. Its form changes, but its chemical makeup or composition doesn’t. Matter is not lost in these changes…

4.1 Freeze: when a liquid turns into a solid by the cold temperature.

4.2 Melt: when a solid turns into a liquid by the hot temperature.

4.3 Boil and evaporate: when a liquid turns into a gas by the hot temperature.

4.4 Condense: when a gas turns into a liquid by meeting with something 

5.      Chemical properties

Chemical properties describe an object´s ability to change into another substance or change its chemical composition…

5.1 COMBUSTIBILITY: Measures how easily a substance will burn or combine rapidly with oxygen.

5.2 REACTIVITY: Is the ability of a substance to go through a chemical change or reaction.

6.   

        Chemical changes

When one substance changes and results into other substance or substances is called chemical change. When the chemical composition of an object changes, when the color change indicates there is a change. Chemical changes doesn´t create new matter, just new substances…

6.1 Burning: when an object is subjected to fire, it changes its chemical composition, for example, wood when burns it changes to ash.

6.2 Corrosion: when iron combines with oxygen in the air, rust forms. The rust is a brand new substance. It’s a combination of iron and oxygen with properties different from either of them.

More examples of chemical changes are: Mixing chemicals, cooking some types of food, mixing some ingredients, digesting food, explosions, in the photosynthesis, etc"

This is my PPT of :the different atomic models of diverse scientists and the physical and chemical process in matter. Follow this link:  http://www.slideshare.net/SGalindoZ/atomic-model-original-16983673



References:http://vermontbio.blogspot.com/

Taxonmy history

Taxonomy History
Follow this link to see a PPT of the Taxonomy History: http://www.slideshare.net/SGalindoZ/taxonomy-history-original-todo

Lab Report(Coins)

Finding the density of two coins on the virtual lab on Vermont School and cleaning a rare, valuable coin and chemical compositions.

Simón Galindo ,7-A

Vermont School

Finding the density of two coins on the virtual lab on Vermont School and cleaning a rare, valuable coin and chemical compositions.

Colegio Gimnasio Vermont Medellín

Biology

Stage Grade

By

Simón Galindo Zuluaga

Medellín, Antioquia

20/02/2013

Finding the density of two coins on the virtual lab on Vermont School and cleaning a rare, valuable coin and chemical compositions.

Introduction….

In this Apa Template we are going to find the density of two coins. We are going to know more about the chemical and physical properties,processes and changes. Also, we are going to know the Atomic Model through history and learn: How you can reach the density of an object?Also we are going to know why cleaning rare coins is a bad idea!!!

Theoretical Background

1Physical and chemical properties

1.1Physical property: Is a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness. 1.2Chemical property: Is a property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in chemical reactions.

2.Chemical Reaction

A reaction in which one or more substances are converted into different substances. The reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction. The products are the substances that are formed by a chemical reaction.

3.Physical and chemical

A physical change is a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties.

A chemical change is a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties.

4.Physical Processes

4.1Distillation

Distillation is a water purification process that uses a heat source to vaporize water and separate it from contaminants. The water is heated at 100 degrees and evaporated, vapors go to the cooler, cool and condense, passing again to the liquid state.

4.2Evaporation

Is the process in which water converts in vapor, by first boiling and then changing state? The temperature has to raise the boiling point (100ºC) because it takes more time to evaporate, because affect the mass, density and volume of the water.

4.3Filtration

Consists on separate solid residues or matter from water by passing the material at a low speed, permitting liquid to pass and leaving residues in the filter.

5.Chemical Process

5.1Combustion:

Combustion reactions always involve molecular oxygen O2. Anytime anything burns (in the usual sense), it is a combustion reaction. Combustion reactions are almost always exothermic (i.e., they give off heat). For example when wood burns, it must do so in the presence of O2 and a lot of heat is produced.

5.2Neutralization:

“Neutralization reaction refers to acid and base reaction producing salt and water. The equivalent amounts of acid react with base to form equivalent amounts of salt and water. When the reaction is complete, acid and base are said to neutralize each other. Since water is produced, neutralization reaction is also referred as “water forming reaction”.

5.3Electrolysis:

“Process by which electric current is passed through a substance to effect a chemical change. The chemical change is one in which the substance loses or gains an electron (oxidation or reduction).The process is carried out in an electrolytic cell, an apparatus consisting of positive and negative electrodes held apart and dipped into a solution containing positively and negatively charged ions”

5.4Corrosion:

“Is the loss of metallic properties of a metal as the metal reacts with the atmosphere or water. e.g. strength, luster or shine and electrical conductivity. Rust is brownish red in color and is formed from the corrosion of iron. Other metals like copper and aluminum also corrode or weaken. For corrosion to occur both water and oxygen need to be present”

6.Density

Density is a physical property of matter, as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a constant volume.

Equation:

7.Matter

Matter is all surrounding you,  that have a volume, weight and mass.

8.Volume

Volume is the amount of space taken up or occupied by an object..

Equation: Mass/Density.

9.Weight

Gravity acting over all the matter and energy in our planet is call weight.

10.Mass

Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of.

Equation: Density X Volume.

11.Energy

All surrounding you, that don’t have volume, weight and mass.

Equations 1: 9.8 m/s=Per second

Equation 2:     

12.Atom

Atom is the name that means ”Without division”.

13,Atomic Models

13.1John Dalton :

 Dalton proposed a modern atomic model based on experimentation not on pure reason,  he also said:

1.         All matter is made of atoms.

2.         Atoms of an element are identical.

3.         Each element has different atoms.

4.         Atoms of different elements combine in constant ratios to form compounds.

5.         Atoms are rearranged in reactions.

13.2Ernest Rutherford:

Most particles passed through.  So, atoms are mostly empty. Some positive α-particles deflected or bounced back! Thus, a “nucleus” is positive & holds most of an atom’s mass.

13.3BÖHR

Electrons orbit the nucleus in “shells” Electrons can be bumped up to a higher  shell if hit by an electron or a photon of light , the Bohr model was a one-dimensional model that used one quantum number to describe the distribution of electrons in the atom.

There are 2 types of spectra: continuous spectra & line spectra. It’s when electrons fall back down that they release a photon.  These jumps down from “shell” to “shell” account for the line spectra seen in gas discharge tubes (through spectroscopes).

13.4 J.J THOMPSON:

He discover that electrons are negative charged part of every atom, he also discovered that atoms are positive and that are spread together in the atom, like a cloud.

13.5 ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER:

Schrödinger combined the equations for the behavior of waves with the de Broglie equation to generate a mathematical model for the distribution of electrons in an atom, this models contains  Mathematical Equation Know as wave function that can know the behavior of electrons , this model based on waves that why this model is called Wave Function.

1.      Objectives

a)      Learn more about chemical and physical Properties, Changes and processes.

b)      Know more about different equations to find Density, Mass and Volume.

c)      Find the coin with most density.

d)      Have fun with this new activity.

e)      See why cleaning rare coins is a bad  idea.

2.      Materials and Reactives

Materials and Reactives  in both stages:

Materials	Reactives
Virtual Coins.	Virtual Water
Computer.
Balance.
Graduate.
Virtual gloves, virtual glasses and virtual lab coat.
Calculator

3.      Procedure

Stage 1

1.      Click on the coin A and put it on the balance for finds its mass.

2.      Copy the mass.

3.      Measure the water level on the graduate.

4.      Then put coin A and copy he last volume.

5.      Do the same with coin B.

6.      Make the procedure of density.

Stage 2

1.Click on the lab coat,glosses and safety glosses,Then ,click Enter.

2.Move your pointer over a labeled cointainer to learn more about the cleaning substance.

3.Click the first coin on the left side of the screen.Carefully observe the way the coin looks before cleaning.

4.Click Continue to begin the cleaning process.

5.Carefully observe the coin after the cleaning takes place, and then click Continue.

6.You can use the Close-up button on the left at any time to see how the coin looked before cleaning.Use the Close-up button on the right to see how a coin looks after a cleaning.

7.Repeat step 3.6 for the second and third coins.

8.Answer the questions,and then Evaluate.

4.       

5.      Observations and Results

Results

Stage 1

Samples	Mass (g)	Water level (ML)	Water level(ML)	Volume(cm3)
Coin A	26.7(g)	50.0	52.6 (ML)	2.6 (cm3)
Coin B	26.3(g)	50.0	52.8(ML)	2.8(cm3)

Density/Coin A= 26,7g/2,6 cm3=  10,26 g/cm3.

Density/Coin B= 26,3g/2,8 cm3=  9,39 g/cm3.

R//So the COIN A has more density than the COIN B.

Observations:

1.      The coin A has more density than B.

2.      Both coins are beautiful.

Stage 2

Observations

First ,putting  hydrogen sulfide solution to the coin A coverted like more dark and changed a lot.

Then, mixing Sodioum hypocholorite to Coin B the coin B changed it color like a rainbow,

Finally, mixing baking soda to Coin C,Coin C looked more bright than when it was before.

6.      Conclusions

i)        The coin A is denser than the coin B.

ii)      We have reached all owr objectives.

iii)    We have increased owr knowledge  with physical and chemical changes, processes and properties.

iv)    Now we know how to know the density of an object,the mass  of an object and the volume of a object using owr Formules.

v)      I  haved fun with this didactic activity.

vi)    Cleaning rare coins is a bad idea.

vii)  In stage 2,the change is physical.

References

1.http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/hydrogen-electrolysis.html

2.http://cnx.org/content/m17138/latest/

3.http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical%20reactions/combustion.html

4.http://www.chemicalformula.org/chemistry-help/corrosion

5.http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com

6.http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/75013.htm

7.http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/75016.htm

8.http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/75014.htm

9.http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/sample_problems/20021.htm

10.http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/virtual_investigations/hst/mat/hst_mat_vi.html

7.      Appendix

Picture 3

Combustion

Picture 2.Filtrating

Picture 1

Destillating

Picture 5

 

Taxonomy questions

1.    Write the procedure to classify an animal or a green plant.

"There are several methods of classify organisms: Autotroph and Heterotrophs, Multicellular and Unicellular, Dichotomous Keys, Cladograms, Binomial Nomenclature. To use the Binomial Nomenclature, developed by Carl Linnaeus, you use: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

2.    What is the function of taxonomy?

Categorize organisms by descriptions, features and names in a hierarchical order, permitting differentiate and group organisms one from another, setting and identifying a natural relationship between them. 

3.    Who developed the taxonomy strategies to classify the living things?

First developed by Shen Nung in China, passing to the Greeks like Aristotle, Plato, Plinius, Theophrastus, etc., until get to the 14 and 15 centuries with Carolus Linnaeus and the Binary system, and the one that we use now, modified by other modern scientists and getting a combination of all theories and methods gave since the beginning to the end.

4.    Set the five kingdoms of the nature.

The 3 domains are: Eukarya (cell with nucleus), Archae (bacterias from the prehistory that resist extreme conditions) and Eubacteria (common bacterias)

The 5 kingdoms are: Bacteria (unicellular prokaryote), Protista (unicellular eukaryotes), Animalia (multicellular heterotrophs), Plantae (multicellular green autotrophs) and Fungi (multi and unicellular heterotrophs decomposers)"

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

• http://vermontbio.blogspot.com/